The research, led by Dr Arun Sharma and Earl Cheng from the Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University and Children's Memorial Research Center, focused on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) taken from the patient. Previously studies into the regenerative capacity of cells in bladders have focused on animal models, but these have translated poorly in clinical settings.
"Advances in the use of bone marrow stem cells taken from the patient opens up new opportunities for exploring organ replacement therapies, especially for bladder regeneration", said senior author Sharma. "Several findings from our study have demonstrated the plasticity of stem cells derived from bone marrow which make them ideal for this type of work."
The team discovered that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have phenotypic and physiological similarities with bladder smooth muscle cells (bSMCs) implying that MSCs can serve as an alternative cell source for potentially damaged bSMCs.
"For our research we developed a primate-based model, using the baboon bladder in conjunction with bone marrow MSCs to attempt partial bladder regeneration," said Sharma. "We found that the mesenchymal stem cells utilized throughout the study retained the ability to populate a surgically grafted area while remaining active 10 weeks after surgery."
The transplanted bone marrow cells also retained the ability to express key smooth muscle cell markers, attributes that are required for the continual expansion and contractile cycles of a functional bladder.
Currently information about the cellular and molecular interactions that govern bladder regeneration is scarce, however the team's research demonstrates the feasibility of MSCs in partial bladder regeneration and their use of a primate-based mode provides valuable insight into these processes as they may apply to humans."
"This newly described bladder augmentation model represents a unique insight into the bladder regeneration process and provides strong evidence that MSCs can be exploited for tissue engineering purposes," concluded Sharma. "The non-human primate bladder augmentation model established in this study will also further provide key pre-clinical data that may eventually be translated in a clinical setting."
"Bioengineering the repair of the bladder is not a simple matter. The combination of the clinical SIS material and patient supplied MSCs provides a good combination for further testing," said Mark Pittenger, Associate Editor of STEM CELLS. "Dr. Sharma and his colleagues are advancing the pioneering work of Dr. Anthony Atala. The progress in this field in the last few years is quite promising and more clinical studies are needed."
**Published in "EurekAlert"án disfrutar de divertidas tomas falsas y comentarios en audio de los directores Anthony y Joe Russo, así como de los guionistas Christopher Markus y Stephen McFeely.
Reparto: Chris Evans, Scarlett Johansson, Sebastian Stan, Anthony Mackie, Cobie Smulders, Frank Grillo, Emily VanCamp y Hayley Atwell, con Robert Redford como Alexander Pierce y Samuel L. Jackson como Nick Fury.
Contenido extra DVD:
- El cuaderno de Steve Rogers
- Escena Eliminada
Contenido extra ediciones Blu-ray:
- Reportajes
- En primera línea: un vistazo a los campos de batalla de Capitán América (10 min 08 seg)
- On set with Anthony Mackie: Cut the check! àEn el rodaje con Anthony Mackie: ¡Prepara el cheque! (01 min 53 seg)
- Steve Rogers’ notebook à El cuaderno de Steve Rogers (02 min 23 seg)
- Escenas eliminadas
- Hill and Sitwell talk loyalty à Hill y Sitwell hablan sobre la lealtad (00 min 59 seg)
- Buscando a Capitán América (o1 min 54 seg)
- El círculo de Nick Furia (00 min 59 seg)
- La Viuda Negra revela su pasado (00 min 59 seg)
- Tomas falsas (02 min 35 seg)
- Comentario en audio
- Reproducir la película con comentarios en audio de los directores Anthony y Joe Russo y los guionistas Christopher Markus y Stephen McFeely (136 min, la duración de la película)
Características técnicas DVD
- Tipo de formato: 16×9
- Aspecto ratio: 2.40:1
- Duración: 136 min. aprox.
- Idiomas en 5.1 Dolby Digital: Castellano, Inglés, Ruso y Francés
- Subtítulos en Árabe, Holandés, Estonio, Letón, Lituano, Portugués, Ruso, Castelano, Francés e Inglés codificado para sordos.
Características técnicas Blu-ray
- Tipo de formato: 16×9
- Aspecto ratio 2.40:1
- Duración: 136 min. aprox.
- Idiomas en 5.1 DTS Digital Surround: Castellano
- Idiomas en 7.1 DTS-HD Master Audio: Inglés
- Idiomas en 5.1 Dolby Digital: Ruso
- Idiomas en 5.1 DTS – HD High Resolution: Francés
- Subtítulos en Árabe, Holandés, Potugués, Ruso, Castellano, Francés e Inglés codificado para sordos
Características técnicas 3D Combo
- Tipo de formato: 16×9
- Aspecto ratio 2.40:1
- Duración: 136 min. aprox.
Idiomas: BD:
- 7.1 DTS-HD Master Audio: Inglés
- 5.1 DTS-HD High Resolution: Francés
- 5.1 DTS Digital Surround: Castellano
- 5.1 Dolby Digital : Ruso
3D:
- 7.1 DTS-HD Master Audio: Inglés
- 5.1 DTS-HD High Resolution: Francés
- 5.1 DTS Digital Surround: Castellano
- 5.1 Dolby Digital : Ruso
Subtítulos: BD: Árabe, Holandés, Portugués, Ruso, Castellano, Francés, Inglés codificado para sordos 3D: Árabe, Holandés, Portugués, Ruso, Castellano, Francés, Inglés codificado para sordos Características técnicas Edición Caja Metálica:
- Tipo de formato: 16×9
- Aspecto ratio: 2.40:1
- Duración: 136 min. aprox.
- Idiomas:
- 7.1 DTS-HD Master Audio: Inglés
- 5.1 DTS-HD High Resolution: Francés
- 5.1 DTS Digital Surround: Castellano
- 5.1 Dolby Digital : Ruso
- Subtítulos en Árabe, Holandés, Portugués, Ruso, Castellano, Francés, Inglés codificado para sordos