En primer lugar, hay que recordar que los sujetos de la libertad de expresión no son solo los medios de comunicación, puesto que la libertad de expresión va más allá de la libertad de prensa. En segundo lugar, que el ámbito de la libertad de expresarse va mucho más allá de los escenarios de los medios, puesto que hablamos de un derecho a la comunicación (pública), que como sabemos recorre muchos otros espacios físicos y simbólicos en una sociedad. La libertad de expresión da sentido al debate público, al intercambio de ideas en igualdad, y por tanto corre (o debe correr) por los medios de comunicación pero también por las mesas de negociación, por las protestas callejeras, por los conciertos de rock, por las universidades, por los centros de trabajo. Y esto se hace especialmente cierto en América Latina, donde la participación política discurre de manera fundamental en escenarios no institucionales y alejada de los medios de comunicación hegemónicos.
La libertad de expresión, cuando se refiere a un derecho social tiene que ver con la posibilidad de participar en la esfera pública a través de la comunicación. Y aquí hay dos derechos que las organizaciones y movimientos sociales tienen que poder ejercer: el derecho a la “visibilidad”, y el derecho a la “interlocución”. Ser visivles significa poder hacer parte de un espacio público común, de un espacio en el que convergen posturas diferentes y divergentes, significa por ejemplo, el derecho a que la voz se oiga, a que se sepa que se existe, a ser visto contestado y poder replicar, en definitiva porque más allá de la visibilidad, la libertad de expresarse implica también el derecho a expresarse con alguien, frente a alguien, contra alguien, a ser contestado y poder replicar en definitiva, a ser un interlocutor social.
Libertad de expresión y movimientos sociales
Y esa visibilidad y esa interlocución social se deben poder ejercer, a su vez, en varios espacios: los propios, y los comunes o hegemónicos. Respecto a los primeros, se trataría de poder construir redes de comunicación alternativas a la comunicación hegemónica, que con su acción van estableciendo una identidad, una memoria colectiva y un proyecto. Respecto a los segundos, desdeñados por algunos movimientos sociales, se trata de que se cumpla la democracia comunicativa en sociedades en las que cada vez cobran más importancia en la construcción de los imaginarios colectivos los medios de comunicación (precisamente por la violencia política que se ha vivido y se vive en muchos países de América Latina y que impide la libre comunicación en muchos espacios públicos).
El Informe Anual 2008 de la Relatoría Especial para la Libertad de Expresión de la Comisión Interamericana de Derecho Humanos así lo reconoce: “Hay un componente de la libertad de expresión con el cual estamos en deuda: las personas que integran los grupos sociales tradicionalmente marginados, discriminados o que se encuentran en estado de indefensión, son sistemáticamente excluidas, por diversas razones, del debate público. Estos grupos no tienen canales institucionales o privados para ejercer en serio y de manera vigorosa y permanente su derecho a expresar públicamente sus ideas y opiniones o para informarse sobre los asuntos que los afectan. Este proceso de exclusión ha privado también a las sociedades de conocer los intereses, las necesidades y propuestas de quienes no han tenido la oportunidad de acceder, en igualdad de condiciones, al debate democrático”.
En América Latina la libertad de expresión se enfrenta, vista desde ese punto de vista, a censuras y violaciones gravísimas. Porque a censuras y violaciones de derechos se enfrentan los movimientos y organizaciones que quieren ejercer el derecho de expresarse, que en muchas ocasiones es sinónimo del derecho a protestar. Y es que en varios países latinoamericanos se sufre una criminalización de la protesta social también reconocida por la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos de la OEA.
Criminalización de las protestas
Esta criminalización de la expresión ciudadana se refleja en datos objtivos: en Argentina, según el Informe sobre la situación de los derechos humanos elaborado por “Alerta Salta”, a mediados de los dos mil había 4.000 procesos judiciales abiertos contra actos de protesta. En México, la Red Nacional de Organismos Civiles de Derechos Humanos tuvo que poner en marcha la campaña “Protestar es un derecho, reprimir es un delito”, ante la creciente “negación” de los conflictos sociales por parte del Estado: en aquellas protestas que tienen como contraparte al Estado, no se produce interlocución social en un 70 por ciento de los casos [1]. En Chile, Amnistía Internacional ha advertido que la llamada ley antiterrorista y sus testigos protegidos se están aplicado en algunos casos “para la penalización de la protesta social”, y es especialmente grave el uso de testigos secretos y del doble juicio civil y militar contra los mapuches que llevan años movilizándose en defensa de sus tierras y su cultura. En Colombia, durante el Gobierno de Álvaro Uribe toda protesta era acusada de estar infiltrada por las guerrillas de las FARC, acusación que se acompañó (además de amenazas, asesinatos y desapariciones) de escuchas ilegales a defensores de derechos humanos, periodistas y miembros de organizaciones sociales tanto dentro como fuera del territorio colombiano, tal y como se ha demandado ante la Audiencia Nacional española. Con el nuevo Gobierno, está en proceso de aprobación la ley de seguridad ciudadana, que establece en uno de sus artículos que “el que por medios ilícitos obstaculice, de manera temporal o permanente, selectiva o general, las vías o la infraestructura de transporte de tal forma que afecte el orden público o la movilidad, incurrirá en prisión de cuatro a ocho años y multa de trece a setenta y cinco salarios mínimos legales mensuales vigentes”.
Claro que esta ley puede sonar a broma macabra frente a la realidad de que el 55 por ciento de los sindicalistas asesinados en el mundo son colombianos. Precisamente la aterradora situación de los derechos humanos en Colombia ha servido para que en una sentencia histórica de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos en la que se condena al Estado colombiano por el asesinato del senador de la Unión Patriótica Manuel Cepeda, se recuerde la vinculación del derecho a protestar con la libertad de expresión: “es de resaltar que las voces de oposición resultan imprescindibles para una sociedad democrática, sin las cuales no es posible el logro de acuerdos que atiendan a las diferentes visiones que prevalecen en una sociedad. Por ello, la participación efectiva de personas, grupos y organizaciones y partidos políticos de oposición en una sociedad democrática debe ser garantizada por los Estados, mediante normativas y prácticas adecuadas que posibiliten su acceso real y efectivo a los diferentes espacios deliberativos en términos igualitarios, pero también mediante la adopción de medidas necesarias para garantizar su pleno ejercicio, atendiendo la situación de vulnerabilidad en que se encuentran los integrantes de ciertos sectores o grupos sociales”.
El peso de las empresas mediáticas
Volviendo, ahora sí, al asunto de la libertad de expresión de los medios de comunicación en América Latina, es interesante volver a recordar dos realidades que se repiten. La primera durante demasiadas décadas, la segunda en los últimos años. En primer lugar, las amenazas contra los periodistas y medios que informan sobre hechos incómodos para el poder político y las grandes empresas. En lo que va de 2011, han sido asesinados 7 periodistas en México, 4 en Honduras y Brasil, y uno en El Salvador, Colombia, Guatemala, Perú, República Dominicana y Venezuela. En casi todos los casos los crímenes permanecen en la impunidad. Además, los periodistas sufren censuras y acciones que coartan la libertad de informar por parte de sus empresas. Como el caso de los fotoperiodistas de Uruguay, que en una carta abierta denunciaban que los propietarios de algunos medios de comunicación “colaboran” con la policía y los jueces entregándoles material audiovisual inédito que sirve para identificar personas durante las festaciones. Tras una manifestación contra Bush en 2007, los fotógrafos de prensa decían en su carta pública: “Al Ministerio del Interior le decimos: los fotógrafos de prensa no trabajamos para la policía. (…) a los propietarios y directores de los medios: los contratos expresos o implícitos que tenemos con los medios autorizan el uso de las imágenes que producimos solo con firnes periodísticos. (manifestantes: quienes no deseen ser fotografiados no deben participar a cara descubierta en actos públicos que se convocan en espacios públicos” [1]. En Chile, Amnistía Internacional ha advertido que la llamada ley antiterrorista y sus testigos protegidos se están aplicado en algunos casos “para la penalización de la protesta social”, y es especialmente grave el uso de testigos secretos y del doble juicio civil y militar contra los mapuches que llevan años movilizándose en defensa de sus tierras y su cultura. En Colombia, durante el Gobierno de Álvaro Uribe toda protesta era acusada de estar infiltrada por las guerrillas de las FARC, acusación que se acompañó (además de amenazas, asesinatos y desapariciones) de escuchas ilegales a defensores de derechos humanos, periodistas y miembros de organizaciones sociales tanto dentro como fuera del territorio colombiano, tal y como se ha demandado ante la Audiencia Nacional española. Con el nuevo Gobierno, está en proceso de aprobación la ley de seguridad ciudadana, que establece en uno de sus artículos que “el que por medios ilícitos obstaculice, de manera temporal o permanente, selectiva o general, las vías o la infraestructura de transporte de tal forma que afecte el orden público o la movilidad, incurrirá en prisión de cuatro a ocho años y multa de trece a setenta y cinco salarios mínimos legales mensuales vigentes”.
Claro que esta ley puede sonar a broma macabra frente a la realidad de que el 55 por ciento de los sindicalistas asesinados en el mundo son colombianos. Precisamente la aterradora situación de los derechos humanos en Colombia ha servido para que en una sentencia histórica de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos en la que se condena al Estado colombiano por el asesinato del senador de la Unión Patriótica Manuel Cepeda, se recuerde la vinculación del derecho a protestar con la libertad de expresión: “es de resaltar que las voces de oposición resultan imprescindibles para una sociedad democrática, sin las cuales no es posible el logro de acuerdos que atiendan a las diferentes visiones que prevalecen en una sociedad. Por ello, la participación efectiva de personas, grupos y organizaciones y partidos políticos de oposición en una sociedad democrática debe ser garantizada por los Estados, mediante normativas y prácticas adecuadas que posibiliten su acceso real y efectivo a los diferentes espacios deliberativos en términos igualitarios, pero también mediante la adopción de medidas necesarias para garantizar su pleno ejercicio, atendiendo la situación de vulnerabilidad en que se encuentran los integrantes de ciertos sectores o grupos sociales”.
El peso de las empresas mediáticas
Volviendo, ahora sí, al asunto de la libertad de expresión de los medios de comunicación en América Latina, es interesante volver a recordar dos realidades que se repiten. La primera durante demasiadas décadas, la segunda en los últimos años. En primer lugar, las amenazas contra los periodistas y medios que informan sobre hechos incómodos para el poder político y las grandes empresas. En lo que va de 2011, han sido asesinados 7 periodistas en México, 4 en Honduras y Brasil, y uno en El Salvador, Colombia, Guatemala, Perú, República Dominicana y Venezuela. En casi todos los casos los crímenes permanecen en la impunidad. Además, los periodistas sufren censuras y acciones que coartan la libertad de informar por parte de sus empresas. Como el caso de los fotoperiodistas de Uruguay, que en una carta abierta denunciaban que los propietarios de algunos medios de comunicación “colaboran” con la policía y los jueces entregándoles material audiovisual inédito que sirve para identificar personas durante las festaciones. Tras una manifestación contra Bush en 2007, los fotógrafos de prensa decían en su carta pública: “Al Ministerio del Interior le decimos: los fotógrafos de prensa no trabajamos para la policía. (…) a los propietarios y directores de los medios: los contratos expresos o implícitos que tenemos con los medios autorizan el uso de las imágenes que producimos solo con firnes periodísticos. (manifestantes: quienes no deseen ser fotografiados no deben participar a cara descubierta en actos públicos que se convocan en espacios públicos” [1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B
Claro que esta ley puede sonar a broma macabra frente a la realidad de que el 55 por ciento de los sindicalistas asesinados en el mundo son colombianos. Precisamente la aterradora situación de los derechos humanos en Colombia ha servido para que en una sentencia histórica de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos en la que se condena al Estado colombiano por el asesinato del senador de la Unión Patriótica Manuel Cepeda, se recuerde la vinculación del derecho a protestar con la libertad de expresión: “es de resaltar que las voces de oposición resultan imprescindibles para una sociedad democrática, sin las cuales no es posible el logro de acuerdos que atiendan a las diferentes visiones que prevalecen en una sociedad. Por ello, la participación efectiva de personas, grupos y organizaciones y partidos políticos de oposición en una sociedad democrática debe ser garantizada por los Estados, mediante normativas y prácticas adecuadas que posibiliten su acceso real y efectivo a los diferentes espacios deliberativos en términos igualitarios, pero también mediante la adopción de medidas necesarias para garantizar su pleno ejercicio, atendiendo la situación de vulnerabilidad en que se encuentran los integrantes de ciertos sectores o grupos sociales”.
El peso de las empresas mediáticas
Volviendo, ahora sí, al asunto de la libertad de expresión de los medios de comunicación en América Latina, es interesante volver a recordar dos realidades que se repiten. La primera durante demasiadas décadas, la segunda en los últimos años. En primer lugar, las amenazas contra los periodistas y medios que informan sobre hechos incómodos para el poder político y las grandes empresas. En lo que va de 2011, han sido asesinados 7 periodistas en México, 4 en Honduras y Brasil, y uno en El Salvador, Colombia, Guatemala, Perú, República Dominicana y Venezuela. En casi todos los casos los crímenes permanecen en la impunidad. Además, los periodistas sufren censuras y acciones que coartan la libertad de informar por parte de sus empresas. Como el caso de los fotoperiodistas de Uruguay, que en una carta abierta denunciaban que los propietarios de algunos medios de comunicación “colaboran” con la policía y los jueces entregándoles material audiovisual inédito que sirve para identificar personas durante las festaciones. Tras una manifestación contra Bush en 2007, los fotógrafos de prensa decían en su carta pública: “Al Ministerio del Interior le decimos: los fotógrafos de prensa no trabajamos para la policía. (…) a los propietarios y directores de los medios: los contratos expresos o implícitos que tenemos con los medios autorizan el uso de las imágenes que producimos solo con firnes periodísticos. (manifestantes: quienes no deseen ser fotografiados no deben participar a cara descubierta en actos públicos que se convocan en espacios públicos” [1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1]. En Chile, Amnistía Internacional ha advertido que la llamada ley antiterrorista y sus testigos protegidos se están aplicado en algunos casos “para la penalización de la protesta social”, y es especialmente grave el uso de testigos secretos y del doble juicio civil y militar contra los mapuches que llevan años movilizándose en defensa de sus tierras y su cultura. En Colombia, durante el Gobierno de Álvaro Uribe toda protesta era acusada de estar infiltrada por las guerrillas de las FARC, acusación que se acompañó (además de amenazas, asesinatos y desapariciones) de escuchas ilegales a defensores de derechos humanos, periodistas y miembros de organizaciones sociales tanto dentro como fuera del territorio colombiano, tal y como se ha demandado ante la Audiencia Nacional española. Con el nuevo Gobierno, está en proceso de aprobación la ley de seguridad ciudadana, que establece en uno de sus artículos que “el que por medios ilícitos obstaculice, de manera temporal o permanente, selectiva o general, las vías o la infraestructura de transporte de tal forma que afecte el orden público o la movilidad, incurrirá en prisión de cuatro a ocho años y multa de trece a setenta y cinco salarios mínimos legales mensuales vigentes”.
Claro que esta ley puede sonar a broma macabra frente a la realidad de que el 55 por ciento de los sindicalistas asesinados en el mundo son colombianos. Precisamente la aterradora situación de los derechos humanos en Colombia ha servido para que en una sentencia histórica de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos en la que se condena al Estado colombiano por el asesinato del senador de la Unión Patriótica Manuel Cepeda, se recuerde la vinculación del derecho a protestar con la libertad de expresión: “es de resaltar que las voces de oposición resultan imprescindibles para una sociedad democrática, sin las cuales no es posible el logro de acuerdos que atiendan a las diferentes visiones que prevalecen en una sociedad. Por ello, la participación efectiva de personas, grupos y organizaciones y partidos políticos de oposición en una sociedad democrática debe ser garantizada por los Estados, mediante normativas y prácticas adecuadas que posibiliten su acceso real y efectivo a los diferentes espacios deliberativos en términos igualitarios, pero también mediante la adopción de medidas necesarias para garantizar su pleno ejercicio, atendiendo la situación de vulnerabilidad en que se encuentran los integrantes de ciertos sectores o grupos sociales”.
El peso de las empresas mediáticas
Volviendo, ahora sí, al asunto de la libertad de expresión de los medios de comunicación en América Latina, es interesante volver a recordar dos realidades que se repiten. La primera durante demasiadas décadas, la segunda en los últimos años. En primer lugar, las amenazas contra los periodistas y medios que informan sobre hechos incómodos para el poder político y las grandes empresas. En lo que va de 2011, han sido asesinados 7 periodistas en México, 4 en Honduras y Brasil, y uno en El Salvador, Colombia, Guatemala, Perú, República Dominicana y Venezuela. En casi todos los casos los crímenes permanecen en la impunidad. Además, los periodistas sufren censuras y acciones que coartan la libertad de informar por parte de sus empresas. Como el caso de los fotoperiodistas de Uruguay, que en una carta abierta denunciaban que los propietarios de algunos medios de comunicación “colaboran” con la policía y los jueces entregándoles material audiovisual inédito que sirve para identificar personas durante las festaciones. Tras una manifestación contra Bush en 2007, los fotógrafos de prensa decían en su carta pública: “Al Ministerio del Interior le decimos: los fotógrafos de prensa no trabajamos para la policía. (…) a los propietarios y directores de los medios: los contratos expresos o implícitos que tenemos con los medios autorizan el uso de las imágenes que producimos solo con firnes periodísticos. (manifestantes: quienes no deseen ser fotografiados no deben participar a cara descubierta en actos públicos que se convocan en espacios públicos” [1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
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Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1]. En Chile, Amnistía Internacional ha advertido que la llamada ley antiterrorista y sus testigos protegidos se están aplicado en algunos casos “para la penalización de la protesta social”, y es especialmente grave el uso de testigos secretos y del doble juicio civil y militar contra los mapuches que llevan años movilizándose en defensa de sus tierras y su cultura. En Colombia, durante el Gobierno de Álvaro Uribe toda protesta era acusada de estar infiltrada por las guerrillas de las FARC, acusación que se acompañó (además de amenazas, asesinatos y desapariciones) de escuchas ilegales a defensores de derechos humanos, periodistas y miembros de organizaciones sociales tanto dentro como fuera del territorio colombiano, tal y como se ha demandado ante la Audiencia Nacional española. Con el nuevo Gobierno, está en proceso de aprobación la ley de seguridad ciudadana, que establece en uno de sus artículos que “el que por medios ilícitos obstaculice, de manera temporal o permanente, selectiva o general, las vías o la infraestructura de transporte de tal forma que afecte el orden público o la movilidad, incurrirá en prisión de cuatro a ocho años y multa de trece a setenta y cinco salarios mínimos legales mensuales vigentes”.
Claro que esta ley puede sonar a broma macabra frente a la realidad de que el 55 por ciento de los sindicalistas asesinados en el mundo son colombianos. Precisamente la aterradora situación de los derechos humanos en Colombia ha servido para que en una sentencia histórica de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos en la que se condena al Estado colombiano por el asesinato del senador de la Unión Patriótica Manuel Cepeda, se recuerde la vinculación del derecho a protestar con la libertad de expresión: “es de resaltar que las voces de oposición resultan imprescindibles para una sociedad democrática, sin las cuales no es posible el logro de acuerdos que atiendan a las diferentes visiones que prevalecen en una sociedad. Por ello, la participación efectiva de personas, grupos y organizaciones y partidos políticos de oposición en una sociedad democrática debe ser garantizada por los Estados, mediante normativas y prácticas adecuadas que posibiliten su acceso real y efectivo a los diferentes espacios deliberativos en términos igualitarios, pero también mediante la adopción de medidas necesarias para garantizar su pleno ejercicio, atendiendo la situación de vulnerabilidad en que se encuentran los integrantes de ciertos sectores o grupos sociales”.
El peso de las empresas mediáticas
Volviendo, ahora sí, al asunto de la libertad de expresión de los medios de comunicación en América Latina, es interesante volver a recordar dos realidades que se repiten. La primera durante demasiadas décadas, la segunda en los últimos años. En primer lugar, las amenazas contra los periodistas y medios que informan sobre hechos incómodos para el poder político y las grandes empresas. En lo que va de 2011, han sido asesinados 7 periodistas en México, 4 en Honduras y Brasil, y uno en El Salvador, Colombia, Guatemala, Perú, República Dominicana y Venezuela. En casi todos los casos los crímenes permanecen en la impunidad. Además, los periodistas sufren censuras y acciones que coartan la libertad de informar por parte de sus empresas. Como el caso de los fotoperiodistas de Uruguay, que en una carta abierta denunciaban que los propietarios de algunos medios de comunicación “colaboran” con la policía y los jueces entregándoles material audiovisual inédito que sirve para identificar personas durante las festaciones. Tras una manifestación contra Bush en 2007, los fotógrafos de prensa decían en su carta pública: “Al Ministerio del Interior le decimos: los fotógrafos de prensa no trabajamos para la policía. (…) a los propietarios y directores de los medios: los contratos expresos o implícitos que tenemos con los medios autorizan el uso de las imágenes que producimos solo con firnes periodísticos. (manifestantes: quienes no deseen ser fotografiados no deben participar a cara descubierta en actos públicos que se convocan en espacios públicos” [1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1]. En Chile, Amnistía Internacional ha advertido que la llamada ley antiterrorista y sus testigos protegidos se están aplicado en algunos casos “para la penalización de la protesta social”, y es especialmente grave el uso de testigos secretos y del doble juicio civil y militar contra los mapuches que llevan años movilizándose en defensa de sus tierras y su cultura. En Colombia, durante el Gobierno de Álvaro Uribe toda protesta era acusada de estar infiltrada por las guerrillas de las FARC, acusación que se acompañó (además de amenazas, asesinatos y desapariciones) de escuchas ilegales a defensores de derechos humanos, periodistas y miembros de organizaciones sociales tanto dentro como fuera del territorio colombiano, tal y como se ha demandado ante la Audiencia Nacional española. Con el nuevo Gobierno, está en proceso de aprobación la ley de seguridad ciudadana, que establece en uno de sus artículos que “el que por medios ilícitos obstaculice, de manera temporal o permanente, selectiva o general, las vías o la infraestructura de transporte de tal forma que afecte el orden público o la movilidad, incurrirá en prisión de cuatro a ocho años y multa de trece a setenta y cinco salarios mínimos legales mensuales vigentes”.
Claro que esta ley puede sonar a broma macabra frente a la realidad de que el 55 por ciento de los sindicalistas asesinados en el mundo son colombianos. Precisamente la aterradora situación de los derechos humanos en Colombia ha servido para que en una sentencia histórica de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos en la que se condena al Estado colombiano por el asesinato del senador de la Unión Patriótica Manuel Cepeda, se recuerde la vinculación del derecho a protestar con la libertad de expresión: “es de resaltar que las voces de oposición resultan imprescindibles para una sociedad democrática, sin las cuales no es posible el logro de acuerdos que atiendan a las diferentes visiones que prevalecen en una sociedad. Por ello, la participación efectiva de personas, grupos y organizaciones y partidos políticos de oposición en una sociedad democrática debe ser garantizada por los Estados, mediante normativas y prácticas adecuadas que posibiliten su acceso real y efectivo a los diferentes espacios deliberativos en términos igualitarios, pero también mediante la adopción de medidas necesarias para garantizar su pleno ejercicio, atendiendo la situación de vulnerabilidad en que se encuentran los integrantes de ciertos sectores o grupos sociales”.
El peso de las empresas mediáticas
Volviendo, ahora sí, al asunto de la libertad de expresión de los medios de comunicación en América Latina, es interesante volver a recordar dos realidades que se repiten. La primera durante demasiadas décadas, la segunda en los últimos años. En primer lugar, las amenazas contra los periodistas y medios que informan sobre hechos incómodos para el poder político y las grandes empresas. En lo que va de 2011, han sido asesinados 7 periodistas en México, 4 en Honduras y Brasil, y uno en El Salvador, Colombia, Guatemala, Perú, República Dominicana y Venezuela. En casi todos los casos los crímenes permanecen en la impunidad. Además, los periodistas sufren censuras y acciones que coartan la libertad de informar por parte de sus empresas. Como el caso de los fotoperiodistas de Uruguay, que en una carta abierta denunciaban que los propietarios de algunos medios de comunicación “colaboran” con la policía y los jueces entregándoles material audiovisual inédito que sirve para identificar personas durante las festaciones. Tras una manifestación contra Bush en 2007, los fotógrafos de prensa decían en su carta pública: “Al Ministerio del Interior le decimos: los fotógrafos de prensa no trabajamos para la policía. (…) a los propietarios y directores de los medios: los contratos expresos o implícitos que tenemos con los medios autorizan el uso de las imágenes que producimos solo con firnes periodísticos. (manifestantes: quienes no deseen ser fotografiados no deben participar a cara descubierta en actos públicos que se convocan en espacios públicos” [1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1]. En Chile, Amnistía Internacional ha advertido que la llamada ley antiterrorista y sus testigos protegidos se están aplicado en algunos casos “para la penalización de la protesta social”, y es especialmente grave el uso de testigos secretos y del doble juicio civil y militar contra los mapuches que llevan años movilizándose en defensa de sus tierras y su cultura. En Colombia, durante el Gobierno de Álvaro Uribe toda protesta era acusada de estar infiltrada por las guerrillas de las FARC, acusación que se acompañó (además de amenazas, asesinatos y desapariciones) de escuchas ilegales a defensores de derechos humanos, periodistas y miembros de organizaciones sociales tanto dentro como fuera del territorio colombiano, tal y como se ha demandado ante la Audiencia Nacional española. Con el nuevo Gobierno, está en proceso de aprobación la ley de seguridad ciudadana, que establece en uno de sus artículos que “el que por medios ilícitos obstaculice, de manera temporal o permanente, selectiva o general, las vías o la infraestructura de transporte de tal forma que afecte el orden público o la movilidad, incurrirá en prisión de cuatro a ocho años y multa de trece a setenta y cinco salarios mínimos legales mensuales vigentes”.
Claro que esta ley puede sonar a broma macabra frente a la realidad de que el 55 por ciento de los sindicalistas asesinados en el mundo son colombianos. Precisamente la aterradora situación de los derechos humanos en Colombia ha servido para que en una sentencia histórica de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos en la que se condena al Estado colombiano por el asesinato del senador de la Unión Patriótica Manuel Cepeda, se recuerde la vinculación del derecho a protestar con la libertad de expresión: “es de resaltar que las voces de oposición resultan imprescindibles para una sociedad democrática, sin las cuales no es posible el logro de acuerdos que atiendan a las diferentes visiones que prevalecen en una sociedad. Por ello, la participación efectiva de personas, grupos y organizaciones y partidos políticos de oposición en una sociedad democrática debe ser garantizada por los Estados, mediante normativas y prácticas adecuadas que posibiliten su acceso real y efectivo a los diferentes espacios deliberativos en términos igualitarios, pero también mediante la adopción de medidas necesarias para garantizar su pleno ejercicio, atendiendo la situación de vulnerabilidad en que se encuentran los integrantes de ciertos sectores o grupos sociales”.
El peso de las empresas mediáticas
Volviendo, ahora sí, al asunto de la libertad de expresión de los medios de comunicación en América Latina, es interesante volver a recordar dos realidades que se repiten. La primera durante demasiadas décadas, la segunda en los últimos años. En primer lugar, las amenazas contra los periodistas y medios que informan sobre hechos incómodos para el poder político y las grandes empresas. En lo que va de 2011, han sido asesinados 7 periodistas en México, 4 en Honduras y Brasil, y uno en El Salvador, Colombia, Guatemala, Perú, República Dominicana y Venezuela. En casi todos los casos los crímenes permanecen en la impunidad. Además, los periodistas sufren censuras y acciones que coartan la libertad de informar por parte de sus empresas. Como el caso de los fotoperiodistas de Uruguay, que en una carta abierta denunciaban que los propietarios de algunos medios de comunicación “colaboran” con la policía y los jueces entregándoles material audiovisual inédito que sirve para identificar personas durante las festaciones. Tras una manifestación contra Bush en 2007, los fotógrafos de prensa decían en su carta pública: “Al Ministerio del Interior le decimos: los fotógrafos de prensa no trabajamos para la policía. (…) a los propietarios y directores de los medios: los contratos expresos o implícitos que tenemos con los medios autorizan el uso de las imágenes que producimos solo con firnes periodísticos. (manifestantes: quienes no deseen ser fotografiados no deben participar a cara descubierta en actos públicos que se convocan en espacios públicos” [1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1]. En Chile, Amnistía Internacional ha advertido que la llamada ley antiterrorista y sus testigos protegidos se están aplicado en algunos casos “para la penalización de la protesta social”, y es especialmente grave el uso de testigos secretos y del doble juicio civil y militar contra los mapuches que llevan años movilizándose en defensa de sus tierras y su cultura. En Colombia, durante el Gobierno de Álvaro Uribe toda protesta era acusada de estar infiltrada por las guerrillas de las FARC, acusación que se acompañó (además de amenazas, asesinatos y desapariciones) de escuchas ilegales a defensores de derechos humanos, periodistas y miembros de organizaciones sociales tanto dentro como fuera del territorio colombiano, tal y como se ha demandado ante la Audiencia Nacional española. Con el nuevo Gobierno, está en proceso de aprobación la ley de seguridad ciudadana, que establece en uno de sus artículos que “el que por medios ilícitos obstaculice, de manera temporal o permanente, selectiva o general, las vías o la infraestructura de transporte de tal forma que afecte el orden público o la movilidad, incurrirá en prisión de cuatro a ocho años y multa de trece a setenta y cinco salarios mínimos legales mensuales vigentes”.
Claro que esta ley puede sonar a broma macabra frente a la realidad de que el 55 por ciento de los sindicalistas asesinados en el mundo son colombianos. Precisamente la aterradora situación de los derechos humanos en Colombia ha servido para que en una sentencia histórica de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos en la que se condena al Estado colombiano por el asesinato del senador de la Unión Patriótica Manuel Cepeda, se recuerde la vinculación del derecho a protestar con la libertad de expresión: “es de resaltar que las voces de oposición resultan imprescindibles para una sociedad democrática, sin las cuales no es posible el logro de acuerdos que atiendan a las diferentes visiones que prevalecen en una sociedad. Por ello, la participación efectiva de personas, grupos y organizaciones y partidos políticos de oposición en una sociedad democrática debe ser garantizada por los Estados, mediante normativas y prácticas adecuadas que posibiliten su acceso real y efectivo a los diferentes espacios deliberativos en términos igualitarios, pero también mediante la adopción de medidas necesarias para garantizar su pleno ejercicio, atendiendo la situación de vulnerabilidad en que se encuentran los integrantes de ciertos sectores o grupos sociales”.
El peso de las empresas mediáticas
Volviendo, ahora sí, al asunto de la libertad de expresión de los medios de comunicación en América Latina, es interesante volver a recordar dos realidades que se repiten. La primera durante demasiadas décadas, la segunda en los últimos años. En primer lugar, las amenazas contra los periodistas y medios que informan sobre hechos incómodos para el poder político y las grandes empresas. En lo que va de 2011, han sido asesinados 7 periodistas en México, 4 en Honduras y Brasil, y uno en El Salvador, Colombia, Guatemala, Perú, República Dominicana y Venezuela. En casi todos los casos los crímenes permanecen en la impunidad. Además, los periodistas sufren censuras y acciones que coartan la libertad de informar por parte de sus empresas. Como el caso de los fotoperiodistas de Uruguay, que en una carta abierta denunciaban que los propietarios de algunos medios de comunicación “colaboran” con la policía y los jueces entregándoles material audiovisual inédito que sirve para identificar personas durante las festaciones. Tras una manifestación contra Bush en 2007, los fotógrafos de prensa decían en su carta pública: “Al Ministerio del Interior le decimos: los fotógrafos de prensa no trabajamos para la policía. (…) a los propietarios y directores de los medios: los contratos expresos o implícitos que tenemos con los medios autorizan el uso de las imágenes que producimos solo con firnes periodísticos. (manifestantes: quienes no deseen ser fotografiados no deben participar a cara descubierta en actos públicos que se convocan en espacios públicos” [1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1]. En Chile, Amnistía Internacional ha advertido que la llamada ley antiterrorista y sus testigos protegidos se están aplicado en algunos casos “para la penalización de la protesta social”, y es especialmente grave el uso de testigos secretos y del doble juicio civil y militar contra los mapuches que llevan años movilizándose en defensa de sus tierras y su cultura. En Colombia, durante el Gobierno de Álvaro Uribe toda protesta era acusada de estar infiltrada por las guerrillas de las FARC, acusación que se acompañó (además de amenazas, asesinatos y desapariciones) de escuchas ilegales a defensores de derechos humanos, periodistas y miembros de organizaciones sociales tanto dentro como fuera del territorio colombiano, tal y como se ha demandado ante la Audiencia Nacional española. Con el nuevo Gobierno, está en proceso de aprobación la ley de seguridad ciudadana, que establece en uno de sus artículos que “el que por medios ilícitos obstaculice, de manera temporal o permanente, selectiva o general, las vías o la infraestructura de transporte de tal forma que afecte el orden público o la movilidad, incurrirá en prisión de cuatro a ocho años y multa de trece a setenta y cinco salarios mínimos legales mensuales vigentes”.
Claro que esta ley puede sonar a broma macabra frente a la realidad de que el 55 por ciento de los sindicalistas asesinados en el mundo son colombianos. Precisamente la aterradora situación de los derechos humanos en Colombia ha servido para que en una sentencia histórica de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos en la que se condena al Estado colombiano por el asesinato del senador de la Unión Patriótica Manuel Cepeda, se recuerde la vinculación del derecho a protestar con la libertad de expresión: “es de resaltar que las voces de oposición resultan imprescindibles para una sociedad democrática, sin las cuales no es posible el logro de acuerdos que atiendan a las diferentes visiones que prevalecen en una sociedad. Por ello, la participación efectiva de personas, grupos y organizaciones y partidos políticos de oposición en una sociedad democrática debe ser garantizada por los Estados, mediante normativas y prácticas adecuadas que posibiliten su acceso real y efectivo a los diferentes espacios deliberativos en términos igualitarios, pero también mediante la adopción de medidas necesarias para garantizar su pleno ejercicio, atendiendo la situación de vulnerabilidad en que se encuentran los integrantes de ciertos sectores o grupos sociales”.
El peso de las empresas mediáticas
Volviendo, ahora sí, al asunto de la libertad de expresión de los medios de comunicación en América Latina, es interesante volver a recordar dos realidades que se repiten. La primera durante demasiadas décadas, la segunda en los últimos años. En primer lugar, las amenazas contra los periodistas y medios que informan sobre hechos incómodos para el poder político y las grandes empresas. En lo que va de 2011, han sido asesinados 7 periodistas en México, 4 en Honduras y Brasil, y uno en El Salvador, Colombia, Guatemala, Perú, República Dominicana y Venezuela. En casi todos los casos los crímenes permanecen en la impunidad. Además, los periodistas sufren censuras y acciones que coartan la libertad de informar por parte de sus empresas. Como el caso de los fotoperiodistas de Uruguay, que en una carta abierta denunciaban que los propietarios de algunos medios de comunicación “colaboran” con la policía y los jueces entregándoles material audiovisual inédito que sirve para identificar personas durante las festaciones. Tras una manifestación contra Bush en 2007, los fotógrafos de prensa decían en su carta pública: “Al Ministerio del Interior le decimos: los fotógrafos de prensa no trabajamos para la policía. (…) a los propietarios y directores de los medios: los contratos expresos o implícitos que tenemos con los medios autorizan el uso de las imágenes que producimos solo con firnes periodísticos. (manifestantes: quienes no deseen ser fotografiados no deben participar a cara descubierta en actos públicos que se convocan en espacios públicos” [1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1]. En Chile, Amnistía Internacional ha advertido que la llamada ley antiterrorista y sus testigos protegidos se están aplicado en algunos casos “para la penalización de la protesta social”, y es especialmente grave el uso de testigos secretos y del doble juicio civil y militar contra los mapuches que llevan años movilizándose en defensa de sus tierras y su cultura. En Colombia, durante el Gobierno de Álvaro Uribe toda protesta era acusada de estar infiltrada por las guerrillas de las FARC, acusación que se acompañó (además de amenazas, asesinatos y desapariciones) de escuchas ilegales a defensores de derechos humanos, periodistas y miembros de organizaciones sociales tanto dentro como fuera del territorio colombiano, tal y como se ha demandado ante la Audiencia Nacional española. Con el nuevo Gobierno, está en proceso de aprobación la ley de seguridad ciudadana, que establece en uno de sus artículos que “el que por medios ilícitos obstaculice, de manera temporal o permanente, selectiva o general, las vías o la infraestructura de transporte de tal forma que afecte el orden público o la movilidad, incurrirá en prisión de cuatro a ocho años y multa de trece a setenta y cinco salarios mínimos legales mensuales vigentes”.
Claro que esta ley puede sonar a broma macabra frente a la realidad de que el 55 por ciento de los sindicalistas asesinados en el mundo son colombianos. Precisamente la aterradora situación de los derechos humanos en Colombia ha servido para que en una sentencia histórica de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos en la que se condena al Estado colombiano por el asesinato del senador de la Unión Patriótica Manuel Cepeda, se recuerde la vinculación del derecho a protestar con la libertad de expresión: “es de resaltar que las voces de oposición resultan imprescindibles para una sociedad democrática, sin las cuales no es posible el logro de acuerdos que atiendan a las diferentes visiones que prevalecen en una sociedad. Por ello, la participación efectiva de personas, grupos y organizaciones y partidos políticos de oposición en una sociedad democrática debe ser garantizada por los Estados, mediante normativas y prácticas adecuadas que posibiliten su acceso real y efectivo a los diferentes espacios deliberativos en términos igualitarios, pero también mediante la adopción de medidas necesarias para garantizar su pleno ejercicio, atendiendo la situación de vulnerabilidad en que se encuentran los integrantes de ciertos sectores o grupos sociales”.
El peso de las empresas mediáticas
Volviendo, ahora sí, al asunto de la libertad de expresión de los medios de comunicación en América Latina, es interesante volver a recordar dos realidades que se repiten. La primera durante demasiadas décadas, la segunda en los últimos años. En primer lugar, las amenazas contra los periodistas y medios que informan sobre hechos incómodos para el poder político y las grandes empresas. En lo que va de 2011, han sido asesinados 7 periodistas en México, 4 en Honduras y Brasil, y uno en El Salvador, Colombia, Guatemala, Perú, República Dominicana y Venezuela. En casi todos los casos los crímenes permanecen en la impunidad. Además, los periodistas sufren censuras y acciones que coartan la libertad de informar por parte de sus empresas. Como el caso de los fotoperiodistas de Uruguay, que en una carta abierta denunciaban que los propietarios de algunos medios de comunicación “colaboran” con la policía y los jueces entregándoles material audiovisual inédito que sirve para identificar personas durante las festaciones. Tras una manifestación contra Bush en 2007, los fotógrafos de prensa decían en su carta pública: “Al Ministerio del Interior le decimos: los fotógrafos de prensa no trabajamos para la policía. (…) a los propietarios y directores de los medios: los contratos expresos o implícitos que tenemos con los medios autorizan el uso de las imágenes que producimos solo con firnes periodísticos. (manifestantes: quienes no deseen ser fotografiados no deben participar a cara descubierta en actos públicos que se convocan en espacios públicos” [1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1]. En Chile, Amnistía Internacional ha advertido que la llamada ley antiterrorista y sus testigos protegidos se están aplicado en algunos casos “para la penalización de la protesta social”, y es especialmente grave el uso de testigos secretos y del doble juicio civil y militar contra los mapuches que llevan años movilizándose en defensa de sus tierras y su cultura. En Colombia, durante el Gobierno de Álvaro Uribe toda protesta era acusada de estar infiltrada por las guerrillas de las FARC, acusación que se acompañó (además de amenazas, asesinatos y desapariciones) de escuchas ilegales a defensores de derechos humanos, periodistas y miembros de organizaciones sociales tanto dentro como fuera del territorio colombiano, tal y como se ha demandado ante la Audiencia Nacional española. Con el nuevo Gobierno, está en proceso de aprobación la ley de seguridad ciudadana, que establece en uno de sus artículos que “el que por medios ilícitos obstaculice, de manera temporal o permanente, selectiva o general, las vías o la infraestructura de transporte de tal forma que afecte el orden público o la movilidad, incurrirá en prisión de cuatro a ocho años y multa de trece a setenta y cinco salarios mínimos legales mensuales vigentes”.
Claro que esta ley puede sonar a broma macabra frente a la realidad de que el 55 por ciento de los sindicalistas asesinados en el mundo son colombianos. Precisamente la aterradora situación de los derechos humanos en Colombia ha servido para que en una sentencia histórica de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos en la que se condena al Estado colombiano por el asesinato del senador de la Unión Patriótica Manuel Cepeda, se recuerde la vinculación del derecho a protestar con la libertad de expresión: “es de resaltar que las voces de oposición resultan imprescindibles para una sociedad democrática, sin las cuales no es posible el logro de acuerdos que atiendan a las diferentes visiones que prevalecen en una sociedad. Por ello, la participación efectiva de personas, grupos y organizaciones y partidos políticos de oposición en una sociedad democrática debe ser garantizada por los Estados, mediante normativas y prácticas adecuadas que posibiliten su acceso real y efectivo a los diferentes espacios deliberativos en términos igualitarios, pero también mediante la adopción de medidas necesarias para garantizar su pleno ejercicio, atendiendo la situación de vulnerabilidad en que se encuentran los integrantes de ciertos sectores o grupos sociales”.
El peso de las empresas mediáticas
Volviendo, ahora sí, al asunto de la libertad de expresión de los medios de comunicación en América Latina, es interesante volver a recordar dos realidades que se repiten. La primera durante demasiadas décadas, la segunda en los últimos años. En primer lugar, las amenazas contra los periodistas y medios que informan sobre hechos incómodos para el poder político y las grandes empresas. En lo que va de 2011, han sido asesinados 7 periodistas en México, 4 en Honduras y Brasil, y uno en El Salvador, Colombia, Guatemala, Perú, República Dominicana y Venezuela. En casi todos los casos los crímenes permanecen en la impunidad. Además, los periodistas sufren censuras y acciones que coartan la libertad de informar por parte de sus empresas. Como el caso de los fotoperiodistas de Uruguay, que en una carta abierta denunciaban que los propietarios de algunos medios de comunicación “colaboran” con la policía y los jueces entregándoles material audiovisual inédito que sirve para identificar personas durante las festaciones. Tras una manifestación contra Bush en 2007, los fotógrafos de prensa decían en su carta pública: “Al Ministerio del Interior le decimos: los fotógrafos de prensa no trabajamos para la policía. (…) a los propietarios y directores de los medios: los contratos expresos o implícitos que tenemos con los medios autorizan el uso de las imágenes que producimos solo con firnes periodísticos. (manifestantes: quienes no deseen ser fotografiados no deben participar a cara descubierta en actos públicos que se convocan en espacios públicos” [1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1]. En Chile, Amnistía Internacional ha advertido que la llamada ley antiterrorista y sus testigos protegidos se están aplicado en algunos casos “para la penalización de la protesta social”, y es especialmente grave el uso de testigos secretos y del doble juicio civil y militar contra los mapuches que llevan años movilizándose en defensa de sus tierras y su cultura. En Colombia, durante el Gobierno de Álvaro Uribe toda protesta era acusada de estar infiltrada por las guerrillas de las FARC, acusación que se acompañó (además de amenazas, asesinatos y desapariciones) de escuchas ilegales a defensores de derechos humanos, periodistas y miembros de organizaciones sociales tanto dentro como fuera del territorio colombiano, tal y como se ha demandado ante la Audiencia Nacional española. Con el nuevo Gobierno, está en proceso de aprobación la ley de seguridad ciudadana, que establece en uno de sus artículos que “el que por medios ilícitos obstaculice, de manera temporal o permanente, selectiva o general, las vías o la infraestructura de transporte de tal forma que afecte el orden público o la movilidad, incurrirá en prisión de cuatro a ocho años y multa de trece a setenta y cinco salarios mínimos legales mensuales vigentes”.
Claro que esta ley puede sonar a broma macabra frente a la realidad de que el 55 por ciento de los sindicalistas asesinados en el mundo son colombianos. Precisamente la aterradora situación de los derechos humanos en Colombia ha servido para que en una sentencia histórica de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos en la que se condena al Estado colombiano por el asesinato del senador de la Unión Patriótica Manuel Cepeda, se recuerde la vinculación del derecho a protestar con la libertad de expresión: “es de resaltar que las voces de oposición resultan imprescindibles para una sociedad democrática, sin las cuales no es posible el logro de acuerdos que atiendan a las diferentes visiones que prevalecen en una sociedad. Por ello, la participación efectiva de personas, grupos y organizaciones y partidos políticos de oposición en una sociedad democrática debe ser garantizada por los Estados, mediante normativas y prácticas adecuadas que posibiliten su acceso real y efectivo a los diferentes espacios deliberativos en términos igualitarios, pero también mediante la adopción de medidas necesarias para garantizar su pleno ejercicio, atendiendo la situación de vulnerabilidad en que se encuentran los integrantes de ciertos sectores o grupos sociales”.
El peso de las empresas mediáticas
Volviendo, ahora sí, al asunto de la libertad de expresión de los medios de comunicación en América Latina, es interesante volver a recordar dos realidades que se repiten. La primera durante demasiadas décadas, la segunda en los últimos años. En primer lugar, las amenazas contra los periodistas y medios que informan sobre hechos incómodos para el poder político y las grandes empresas. En lo que va de 2011, han sido asesinados 7 periodistas en México, 4 en Honduras y Brasil, y uno en El Salvador, Colombia, Guatemala, Perú, República Dominicana y Venezuela. En casi todos los casos los crímenes permanecen en la impunidad. Además, los periodistas sufren censuras y acciones que coartan la libertad de informar por parte de sus empresas. Como el caso de los fotoperiodistas de Uruguay, que en una carta abierta denunciaban que los propietarios de algunos medios de comunicación “colaboran” con la policía y los jueces entregándoles material audiovisual inédito que sirve para identificar personas durante las festaciones. Tras una manifestación contra Bush en 2007, los fotógrafos de prensa decían en su carta pública: “Al Ministerio del Interior le decimos: los fotógrafos de prensa no trabajamos para la policía. (…) a los propietarios y directores de los medios: los contratos expresos o implícitos que tenemos con los medios autorizan el uso de las imágenes que producimos solo con firnes periodísticos. (manifestantes: quienes no deseen ser fotografiados no deben participar a cara descubierta en actos públicos que se convocan en espacios públicos” [1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1]. En Chile, Amnistía Internacional ha advertido que la llamada ley antiterrorista y sus testigos protegidos se están aplicado en algunos casos “para la penalización de la protesta social”, y es especialmente grave el uso de testigos secretos y del doble juicio civil y militar contra los mapuches que llevan años movilizándose en defensa de sus tierras y su cultura. En Colombia, durante el Gobierno de Álvaro Uribe toda protesta era acusada de estar infiltrada por las guerrillas de las FARC, acusación que se acompañó (además de amenazas, asesinatos y desapariciones) de escuchas ilegales a defensores de derechos humanos, periodistas y miembros de organizaciones sociales tanto dentro como fuera del territorio colombiano, tal y como se ha demandado ante la Audiencia Nacional española. Con el nuevo Gobierno, está en proceso de aprobación la ley de seguridad ciudadana, que establece en uno de sus artículos que “el que por medios ilícitos obstaculice, de manera temporal o permanente, selectiva o general, las vías o la infraestructura de transporte de tal forma que afecte el orden público o la movilidad, incurrirá en prisión de cuatro a ocho años y multa de trece a setenta y cinco salarios mínimos legales mensuales vigentes”.
Claro que esta ley puede sonar a broma macabra frente a la realidad de que el 55 por ciento de los sindicalistas asesinados en el mundo son colombianos. Precisamente la aterradora situación de los derechos humanos en Colombia ha servido para que en una sentencia histórica de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos en la que se condena al Estado colombiano por el asesinato del senador de la Unión Patriótica Manuel Cepeda, se recuerde la vinculación del derecho a protestar con la libertad de expresión: “es de resaltar que las voces de oposición resultan imprescindibles para una sociedad democrática, sin las cuales no es posible el logro de acuerdos que atiendan a las diferentes visiones que prevalecen en una sociedad. Por ello, la participación efectiva de personas, grupos y organizaciones y partidos políticos de oposición en una sociedad democrática debe ser garantizada por los Estados, mediante normativas y prácticas adecuadas que posibiliten su acceso real y efectivo a los diferentes espacios deliberativos en términos igualitarios, pero también mediante la adopción de medidas necesarias para garantizar su pleno ejercicio, atendiendo la situación de vulnerabilidad en que se encuentran los integrantes de ciertos sectores o grupos sociales”.
El peso de las empresas mediáticas
Volviendo, ahora sí, al asunto de la libertad de expresión de los medios de comunicación en América Latina, es interesante volver a recordar dos realidades que se repiten. La primera durante demasiadas décadas, la segunda en los últimos años. En primer lugar, las amenazas contra los periodistas y medios que informan sobre hechos incómodos para el poder político y las grandes empresas. En lo que va de 2011, han sido asesinados 7 periodistas en México, 4 en Honduras y Brasil, y uno en El Salvador, Colombia, Guatemala, Perú, República Dominicana y Venezuela. En casi todos los casos los crímenes permanecen en la impunidad. Además, los periodistas sufren censuras y acciones que coartan la libertad de informar por parte de sus empresas. Como el caso de los fotoperiodistas de Uruguay, que en una carta abierta denunciaban que los propietarios de algunos medios de comunicación “colaboran” con la policía y los jueces entregándoles material audiovisual inédito que sirve para identificar personas durante las festaciones. Tras una manifestación contra Bush en 2007, los fotógrafos de prensa decían en su carta pública: “Al Ministerio del Interior le decimos: los fotógrafos de prensa no trabajamos para la policía. (…) a los propietarios y directores de los medios: los contratos expresos o implícitos que tenemos con los medios autorizan el uso de las imágenes que producimos solo con firnes periodísticos. (manifestantes: quienes no deseen ser fotografiados no deben participar a cara descubierta en actos públicos que se convocan en espacios públicos” [1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1]. En Chile, Amnistía Internacional ha advertido que la llamada ley antiterrorista y sus testigos protegidos se están aplicado en algunos casos “para la penalización de la protesta social”, y es especialmente grave el uso de testigos secretos y del doble juicio civil y militar contra los mapuches que llevan años movilizándose en defensa de sus tierras y su cultura. En Colombia, durante el Gobierno de Álvaro Uribe toda protesta era acusada de estar infiltrada por las guerrillas de las FARC, acusación que se acompañó (además de amenazas, asesinatos y desapariciones) de escuchas ilegales a defensores de derechos humanos, periodistas y miembros de organizaciones sociales tanto dentro como fuera del territorio colombiano, tal y como se ha demandado ante la Audiencia Nacional española. Con el nuevo Gobierno, está en proceso de aprobación la ley de seguridad ciudadana, que establece en uno de sus artículos que “el que por medios ilícitos obstaculice, de manera temporal o permanente, selectiva o general, las vías o la infraestructura de transporte de tal forma que afecte el orden público o la movilidad, incurrirá en prisión de cuatro a ocho años y multa de trece a setenta y cinco salarios mínimos legales mensuales vigentes”.
Claro que esta ley puede sonar a broma macabra frente a la realidad de que el 55 por ciento de los sindicalistas asesinados en el mundo son colombianos. Precisamente la aterradora situación de los derechos humanos en Colombia ha servido para que en una sentencia histórica de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos en la que se condena al Estado colombiano por el asesinato del senador de la Unión Patriótica Manuel Cepeda, se recuerde la vinculación del derecho a protestar con la libertad de expresión: “es de resaltar que las voces de oposición resultan imprescindibles para una sociedad democrática, sin las cuales no es posible el logro de acuerdos que atiendan a las diferentes visiones que prevalecen en una sociedad. Por ello, la participación efectiva de personas, grupos y organizaciones y partidos políticos de oposición en una sociedad democrática debe ser garantizada por los Estados, mediante normativas y prácticas adecuadas que posibiliten su acceso real y efectivo a los diferentes espacios deliberativos en términos igualitarios, pero también mediante la adopción de medidas necesarias para garantizar su pleno ejercicio, atendiendo la situación de vulnerabilidad en que se encuentran los integrantes de ciertos sectores o grupos sociales”.
El peso de las empresas mediáticas
Volviendo, ahora sí, al asunto de la libertad de expresión de los medios de comunicación en América Latina, es interesante volver a recordar dos realidades que se repiten. La primera durante demasiadas décadas, la segunda en los últimos años. En primer lugar, las amenazas contra los periodistas y medios que informan sobre hechos incómodos para el poder político y las grandes empresas. En lo que va de 2011, han sido asesinados 7 periodistas en México, 4 en Honduras y Brasil, y uno en El Salvador, Colombia, Guatemala, Perú, República Dominicana y Venezuela. En casi todos los casos los crímenes permanecen en la impunidad. Además, los periodistas sufren censuras y acciones que coartan la libertad de informar por parte de sus empresas. Como el caso de los fotoperiodistas de Uruguay, que en una carta abierta denunciaban que los propietarios de algunos medios de comunicación “colaboran” con la policía y los jueces entregándoles material audiovisual inédito que sirve para identificar personas durante las festaciones. Tras una manifestación contra Bush en 2007, los fotógrafos de prensa decían en su carta pública: “Al Ministerio del Interior le decimos: los fotógrafos de prensa no trabajamos para la policía. (…) a los propietarios y directores de los medios: los contratos expresos o implícitos que tenemos con los medios autorizan el uso de las imágenes que producimos solo con firnes periodísticos. (manifestantes: quienes no deseen ser fotografiados no deben participar a cara descubierta en actos públicos que se convocan en espacios públicos” [1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1]. En Chile, Amnistía Internacional ha advertido que la llamada ley antiterrorista y sus testigos protegidos se están aplicado en algunos casos “para la penalización de la protesta social”, y es especialmente grave el uso de testigos secretos y del doble juicio civil y militar contra los mapuches que llevan años movilizándose en defensa de sus tierras y su cultura. En Colombia, durante el Gobierno de Álvaro Uribe toda protesta era acusada de estar infiltrada por las guerrillas de las FARC, acusación que se acompañó (además de amenazas, asesinatos y desapariciones) de escuchas ilegales a defensores de derechos humanos, periodistas y miembros de organizaciones sociales tanto dentro como fuera del territorio colombiano, tal y como se ha demandado ante la Audiencia Nacional española. Con el nuevo Gobierno, está en proceso de aprobación la ley de seguridad ciudadana, que establece en uno de sus artículos que “el que por medios ilícitos obstaculice, de manera temporal o permanente, selectiva o general, las vías o la infraestructura de transporte de tal forma que afecte el orden público o la movilidad, incurrirá en prisión de cuatro a ocho años y multa de trece a setenta y cinco salarios mínimos legales mensuales vigentes”.
Claro que esta ley puede sonar a broma macabra frente a la realidad de que el 55 por ciento de los sindicalistas asesinados en el mundo son colombianos. Precisamente la aterradora situación de los derechos humanos en Colombia ha servido para que en una sentencia histórica de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos en la que se condena al Estado colombiano por el asesinato del senador de la Unión Patriótica Manuel Cepeda, se recuerde la vinculación del derecho a protestar con la libertad de expresión: “es de resaltar que las voces de oposición resultan imprescindibles para una sociedad democrática, sin las cuales no es posible el logro de acuerdos que atiendan a las diferentes visiones que prevalecen en una sociedad. Por ello, la participación efectiva de personas, grupos y organizaciones y partidos políticos de oposición en una sociedad democrática debe ser garantizada por los Estados, mediante normativas y prácticas adecuadas que posibiliten su acceso real y efectivo a los diferentes espacios deliberativos en términos igualitarios, pero también mediante la adopción de medidas necesarias para garantizar su pleno ejercicio, atendiendo la situación de vulnerabilidad en que se encuentran los integrantes de ciertos sectores o grupos sociales”.
El peso de las empresas mediáticas
Volviendo, ahora sí, al asunto de la libertad de expresión de los medios de comunicación en América Latina, es interesante volver a recordar dos realidades que se repiten. La primera durante demasiadas décadas, la segunda en los últimos años. En primer lugar, las amenazas contra los periodistas y medios que informan sobre hechos incómodos para el poder político y las grandes empresas. En lo que va de 2011, han sido asesinados 7 periodistas en México, 4 en Honduras y Brasil, y uno en El Salvador, Colombia, Guatemala, Perú, República Dominicana y Venezuela. En casi todos los casos los crímenes permanecen en la impunidad. Además, los periodistas sufren censuras y acciones que coartan la libertad de informar por parte de sus empresas. Como el caso de los fotoperiodistas de Uruguay, que en una carta abierta denunciaban que los propietarios de algunos medios de comunicación “colaboran” con la policía y los jueces entregándoles material audiovisual inédito que sirve para identificar personas durante las festaciones. Tras una manifestación contra Bush en 2007, los fotógrafos de prensa decían en su carta pública: “Al Ministerio del Interior le decimos: los fotógrafos de prensa no trabajamos para la policía. (…) a los propietarios y directores de los medios: los contratos expresos o implícitos que tenemos con los medios autorizan el uso de las imágenes que producimos solo con firnes periodísticos. (manifestantes: quienes no deseen ser fotografiados no deben participar a cara descubierta en actos públicos que se convocan en espacios públicos” [1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
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El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1%5D.%20En%20Chile,%20Amnist%C3%ADa%20Internacional%20ha%20advertido%20que%20la%20llamada%20ley%20antiterrorista%20y%20sus%20testigos%20protegidos%20se%20est%C3%A1n%20aplicado%20en%20algunos%20casos%20%E2%80%9Cpara%20la%20penalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20protesta%20social%E2%80%9D,%20y%20es%20especialmente%20grave%20el%20uso%20de%20testigos%20secretos%20y%20del%20doble%20juicio%20civil%20y%20militar%20contra%20los%20mapuches%20que%20llevan%20a%C3%B1os%20moviliz%C3%A1ndose%20en%20defensa%20de%20sus%20tierras%20y%20su%20cultura.%20En%20Colombia,%20durante%20el%20Gobierno%20de%20%C3%81lvaro%20Uribe%20toda%20protesta%20era%20acusada%20de%20estar%20infiltrada%20por%20las%20guerrillas%20de%20las%20FARC,%20acusaci%C3%B3n%20que%20se%20acompa%C3%B1%C3%B3%20(adem%C3%A1s%20de%20amenazas,%20asesinatos%20y%20desapariciones)%20de%20escuchas%20ilegales%20a%20defensores%20de%20derechos%20humanos,%20periodistas%20y%20miembros%20de%20organizaciones%20sociales%20tanto%20dentro%20como%20fuera%20del%20territorio%20colombiano,%20tal%20y%20como%20se%20ha%20demandado%20ante%20la%20Audiencia%20Nacional%20espa%C3%B1ola.%20Con%20el%20nuevo%20Gobierno,%20est%C3%A1%20en%20proceso%20de%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20la%20ley%20de%20seguridad%20ciudadana,%20que%20establece%20en%20uno%20de%20sus%20art%C3%ADculos%20que%20%E2%80%9Cel%20que%20por%20medios%20il%C3%ADcitos%20obstaculice,%20de%20manera%20temporal%20o%20permanente,%20selectiva%20o%20general,%20las%20v%C3%ADas%20o%20la%20infraestructura%20de%20transporte%20de%20tal%20forma%20que%20afecte%20el%20orden%20p%C3%BAblico%20o%20la%20movilidad,%20incurrir%C3%A1%20en%20prisi%C3%B3n%20de%20cuatro%20a%20ocho%20a%C3%B1os%20y%20multa%20de%20trece%20a%20setenta%20y%20cinco%20salarios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20legales%20mensuales%20vigentes%E2%80%9D.
Claro%20que%20esta%20ley%20puede%20sonar%20a%20broma%20macabra%20frente%20a%20la%20realidad%20de%20que%20el%2055%20por%20ciento%20de%20los%20sindicalistas%20asesinados%20en%20el%20mundo%20son%20colombianos.%20Precisamente%20la%20aterradora%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20derechos%20humanos%20en%20Colombia%20ha%20servido%20para%20que%20en%20una%20sentencia%20hist%C3%B3rica%20de%20la%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20en%20la%20que%20se%20condena%20al%20Estado%20colombiano%20por%20el%20asesinato%20del%20senador%20de%20la%20Uni%C3%B3n%20Patri%C3%B3tica%20Manuel%20Cepeda,%20se%20recuerde%20la%20vinculaci%C3%B3n%20del%20derecho%20a%20protestar%20con%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n:%20%E2%80%9Ces%20de%20resaltar%20que%20las%20voces%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20resultan%20imprescindibles%20para%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica,%20sin%20las%20cuales%20no%20es%20posible%20el%20logro%20de%20acuerdos%20que%20atiendan%20a%20las%20diferentes%20visiones%20que%20prevalecen%20en%20una%20sociedad.%20Por%20ello,%20la%20participaci%C3%B3n%20efectiva%20de%20personas,%20grupos%20y%20organizaciones%20y%20partidos%20pol%C3%ADticos%20de%20oposici%C3%B3n%20en%20una%20sociedad%20democr%C3%A1tica%20debe%20ser%20garantizada%20por%20los%20Estados,%20mediante%20normativas%20y%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20adecuadas%20que%20posibiliten%20su%20acceso%20real%20y%20efectivo%20a%20los%20diferentes%20espacios%20deliberativos%20en%20t%C3%A9rminos%20igualitarios,%20pero%20tambi%C3%A9n%20mediante%20la%20adopci%C3%B3n%20de%20medidas%20necesarias%20para%20garantizar%20su%20pleno%20ejercicio,%20atendiendo%20la%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20vulnerabilidad%20en%20que%20se%20encuentran%20los%20integrantes%20de%20ciertos%20sectores%20o%20grupos%20sociales%E2%80%9D.
El%20peso%20de%20las%20empresas%20medi%C3%A1ticas
Volviendo,%20ahora%20s%C3%AD,%20al%20asunto%20de%20la%20libertad%20de%20expresi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina,%20es%20interesante%20volver%20a%20recordar%20dos%20realidades%20que%20se%20repiten.%20La%20primera%20durante%20demasiadas%20d%C3%A9cadas,%20la%20segunda%20en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20a%C3%B1os.%20En%20primer%20lugar,%20las%20amenazas%20contra%20los%20periodistas%20y%20medios%20que%20informan%20sobre%20hechos%20inc%C3%B3modos%20para%20el%20poder%20pol%C3%ADtico%20y%20las%20grandes%20empresas.%20En%20lo%20que%20va%20de%202011,%20han%20sido%20asesinados%207%20periodistas%20en%20M%C3%A9xico,%204%20en%20Honduras%20y%20Brasil,%20y%20uno%20en%20El%20Salvador,%20Colombia,%20Guatemala,%20Per%C3%BA,%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%20y%20Venezuela.%20En%20casi%20todos%20los%20casos%20los%20cr%C3%ADmenes%20permanecen%20en%20la%20impunidad.%20Adem%C3%A1s,%20los%20periodistas%20sufren%20censuras%20y%20acciones%20que%20coartan%20la%20libertad%20de%20informar%20por%20parte%20de%20sus%20empresas.%20Como%20el%20caso%20de%20los%20fotoperiodistas%20de%20Uruguay,%20que%20en%20una%20carta%20abierta%20denunciaban%20que%20los%20propietarios%20de%20algunos%20medios%20de%20comunicaci%C3%B3n%20%E2%80%9Ccolaboran%E2%80%9D%20con%20la%20polic%C3%ADa%20y%20los%20jueces%20entreg%C3%A1ndoles%20material%20audiovisual%20in%C3%A9dito%20que%20sirve%20para%20identificar%20personas%20durante%20las%20festaciones.%20Tras%20una%20manifestaci%C3%B3n%20contra%20Bush%20en%202007,%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20dec%C3%ADan%20en%20su%20carta%20p%C3%BAblica:%20%E2%80%9CAl%20Ministerio%20del%20Interior%20le%20decimos:%20los%20fot%C3%B3grafos%20de%20prensa%20no%20trabajamos%20para%20la%20polic%C3%ADa.%20(%E2%80%A6)%20a%20los%20propietarios%20y%20directores%20de%20los%20medios:%20los%20contratos%20expresos%20o%20impl%C3%ADcitos%20que%20tenemos%20con%20los%20medios%20autorizan%20el%20uso%20de%20las%20im%C3%A1genes%20que%20producimos%20solo%20con%20firnes%20period%C3%ADsticos.%20(manifestantes:%20quienes%20no%20deseen%20ser%20fotografiados%20no%20deben%20participar%20a%20cara%20descubierta%20en%20actos%20p%C3%BAblicos%20que%20se%20convocan%20en%20espacios%20p%C3%BAblicos%E2%80%9D%20%5B1]. En Chile, Amnistía Internacional ha advertido que la llamada ley antiterrorista y sus testigos protegidos se están aplicado en algunos casos “para la penalización de la protesta social”, y es especialmente grave el uso de testigos secretos y del doble juicio civil y militar contra los mapuches que llevan años movilizándose en defensa de sus tierras y su cultura. En Colombia, durante el Gobierno de Álvaro Uribe toda protesta era acusada de estar infiltrada por las guerrillas de las FARC, acusación que se acompañó (además de amenazas, asesinatos y desapariciones) de escuchas ilegales a defensores de derechos humanos, periodistas y miembros de organizaciones sociales tanto dentro como fuera del territorio colombiano, tal y como se ha demandado ante la Audiencia Nacional española. Con el nuevo Gobierno, está en proceso de aprobación la ley de seguridad ciudadana, que establece en uno de sus artículos que “el que por medios ilícitos obstaculice, de manera temporal o permanente, selectiva o general, las vías o la infraestructura de transporte de tal forma que afecte el orden público o la movilidad, incurrirá en prisión de cuatro a ocho años y multa de trece a setenta y cinco salarios mínimos legales mensuales vigentes”.
Claro que esta ley puede sonar a broma macabra frente a la realidad de que el 55 por ciento de los sindicalistas asesinados en el mundo son colombianos. Precisamente la aterradora situación de los derechos humanos en Colombia ha servido para que en una sentencia histórica de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos en la que se condena al Estado colombiano por el asesinato del senador de la Unión Patriótica Manuel Cepeda, se recuerde la vinculación del derecho a protestar con la libertad de expresión: “es de resaltar que las voces de oposición resultan imprescindibles para una sociedad democrática, sin las cuales no es posible el logro de acuerdos que atiendan a las diferentes visiones que prevalecen en una sociedad. Por ello, la participación efectiva de personas, grupos y organizaciones y partidos políticos de oposición en una sociedad democrática debe ser garantizada por los Estados, mediante normativas y prácticas adecuadas que posibiliten su acceso real y efectivo a los diferentes espacios deliberativos en términos igualitarios, pero también mediante la adopción de medidas necesarias para garantizar su pleno ejercicio, atendiendo la situación de vulnerabilidad en que se encuentran los integrantes de ciertos sectores o grupos sociales”.
El peso de las empresas mediáticas
Volviendo, ahora sí, al asunto de la libertad de expresión de los medios de comunicación en América Latina, es interesante volver a recordar dos realidades que se repiten. La primera durante demasiadas décadas, la segunda en los últimos años. En primer lugar, las amenazas contra los periodistas y medios que informan sobre hechos incómodos para el poder político y las grandes empresas. En lo que va de 2011, han sido asesinados 7 periodistas en México, 4 en Honduras y Brasil, y uno en El Salvador, Colombia, Guatemala, Perú, República Dominicana y Venezuela. En casi todos los casos los crímenes permanecen en la impunidad. Además, los periodistas sufren censuras y acciones que coartan la libertad de informar por parte de sus empresas. Como el caso de los fotoperiodistas de Uruguay, que en una carta abierta denunciaban que los propietarios de algunos medios de comunicación “colaboran” con la policía y los jueces entregándoles material audiovisual inédito que sirve para identificar personas durante las festaciones. Tras una manifestación contra Bush en 2007, los fotógrafos de prensa decían en su carta pública: “Al Ministerio del Interior le decimos: los fotógrafos de prensa no trabajamos para la policía. (…) a los propietarios y directores de los medios: los contratos expresos o implícitos que tenemos con los medios autorizan el uso de las imágenes que producimos solo con firnes periodísticos. (manifestantes: quienes no deseen ser fotografiados no deben participar a cara descubierta en actos públicos que se convocan en espacios públicos” [1] Romo Cedano, Pablo. La criminalización de la protesta social en México. Observatorio de la conflictividad social en Mexico. Servicios y Asesoría para la Paz, A. C. Mayo 2008
[2] Rodríguez, Lourdes. Sin romper el encuadre. En: Rabinovich, Magrini y Rincón, op.cit. Se puede leer la carta en:http://fotoperiodistasuy.blogspot.com/2007/04/el-manifestante-los-fotgrafos-los.html
[3] Serrano, Pascual. Desinformación. Cómo los medios ocultan el mundo. Barcelona: Ediciones Península, 2009
[4] Prito, Hugo. ¿Dijo usted libertad de expresión?. En: Rabinovich…(op.cit).
Fuente original: http://www.revistapueblos.org/spip.php?article2292